Total pollution emitted by U.S. manufacturers declined over the past 30 years, even though manufacturing output … of pollution-intensive goods ("international trade"). In this paper, I first show that most of the decline in pollution … pollution-intensive goods are too small to explain more than about half of the pollution reductions from the changing mix of …

small, for two reasons. First, services account for only a small fraction of overall pollution. For none of five major air … relation to the environment, because services in general contribute relatively little to overall pollution, and those …