between the racial composition of a city's police force and the racial patterns of arrests and crime. Increases in the number … police officers has a less clear-cut impact on crime rates. It appears that own-race policing may be more effective in … reducing property crime, but no systematic differences are observed for violent crime. These results are consistent either with …

Previous empirical studies have typically uncovered little evidence that police reduce crime. One problem with those … studies is a failure to adequately deal with the simultaneity between police and crime: while police may or may not reduce … crime, there is little doubt that expenditures on police forces are an increasing function of the crime rate. In this study …

Cities target police patrols and public services to control crime. What are the direct and spillover effects of such …,919 streets to either 8 months of doubled police patrols, greater municipal services, both, or neither. We study how crime … responds to intensifying normal state presence in moderate- to high-crime streets, and what this implies about criminal …

In 2016 the city of Bogotá doubled police patrols and intensified city services on high-crime streets. They did so … based on a policy and criminological consensus that such place-based programs not only decrease crime, but also have … effects and that such crime displaced nearby, especially property crimes. Confidence intervals suggest we can rule out total …

We study the effects of broken windows policing on crime using geo-located crime and arrest reports for 80 Colombian … least one crime report. In the following periods, crimes decrease both in the place of the arrests and the surroundings …. With many treated grids and many places exposed to spillovers, these effects add up. On aggregate, the crime reduction …