between the racial composition of a city's police force and the racial patterns of arrests and crime. Increases in the number … police officers has a less clear-cut impact on crime rates. It appears that own-race policing may be more effective in … reducing property crime, but no systematic differences are observed for violent crime. These results are consistent either with …

A strong, negative empirical correlation exists between arrest rates and reported crime rates. While this relationship …, and/or a spurious correlation that would be induced by measurement error in reported crime rates. This paper attempts to … arrest rates and crime. Using a modified version of the techniques of Griliches and Hausman (1986) for dealing with …

Previous empirical studies have typically uncovered little evidence that police reduce crime. One problem with those … studies is a failure to adequately deal with the simultaneity between police and crime: while police may or may not reduce … crime, there is little doubt that expenditures on police forces are an increasing function of the crime rate. In this study …