between the racial composition of a city's police force and the racial patterns of arrests and crime. Increases in the number … of minority police are associated with significant increases in arrests of whites, but have little impact on arrests of … police officers has a less clear-cut impact on crime rates. It appears that own-race policing may be more effective in …

Previous empirical studies have typically uncovered little evidence that police reduce crime. One problem with those … studies is a failure to adequately deal with the simultaneity between police and crime: while police may or may not reduce … crime, there is little doubt that expenditures on police forces are an increasing function of the crime rate. In this study …

between the racial composition of a city's police force and the racial patterns of arrests and crime. Increases in the number … of minority police are associated with significant increases in arrests of whites, but have little impact on arrests of … police officers has a less clear-cut impact on crime rates. It appears that own-race policing may be more effective in …