This paper deals with the real-time energy management strategies for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including a battery and a supercapacitor (SC), for an electric city bus. The most attractive advantage deriving from HESSs is the possibility of reducing the battery current stress to...

This paper presents an optimal sizing method for plug-in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and lithium-ion battery (LIB) powered city buses. We propose a theoretical model describing the relationship between components’ parameters and vehicle performance. Analysis results show that...

This paper proposes a semi-active battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for use in electric drive vehicles. A much smaller unidirectional dc/dc converter is adopted in the proposed HESS to integrate the SC and battery, thereby increasing the HESS efficiency and reducing...

The lithium titanium oxide (LTO) anode is widely accepted as one of the best anodes for the future lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), especially since its cycle life is very long. In this paper, three different commercial LTO cells from different manufacturers were studied in...

Identification of cell SOC (state-of-charge) inconsistency for LiFePO4 battery packs is challenging due to the demanding conditions in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the relatively flat SOC–OCV (open circuit voltage) curve of LiFePO4 cells compared to others. We experimentally investigate...

This paper utilizes the dynamic programming (DP) approach to deal with the integrated optimization problem for deriving the best configuration and energy split strategies of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including a battery and a supercapacitor (SC), for an electric city bus. Within the...