The business values of product remanufacturing have been well-recognized in the literature. Companies have also increasingly realized the importance of coordinating the closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) with both manufacturing and re-manufacturing processes. In this paper, we investigate a CLSC...

In online direct selling, a customer will not experience the product when making the purchase decision. Concerns about product quality and the return policy may prevent the customer from buying the product. In this paper, we develop several theoretical models to examine the impact of online...

We consider a consignment contract with consumer non-defective returns behavior. In our model, an upstream vendor contracts with a downstream retailer. The vendor decides his consignment price charged to the retailer for each unit sold and his refund price for each returned item, and then the...

This paper considers returns policies under which consumers’ valuation depends on the refund amount they receive and the length of time they must wait after the item is returned. Consumers face an uncertain valuation before purchase, and the realization of that purchase's value occurs only...

Keren [The single-period inventory problem: extension to random yield from the perspective of the supply chain. Omega 2009;37:801–10] considers a supply chain in which the distributor faces a known demand and orders from the producer subject to a random production yield, and shows that the...

This paper explores a generalized supply chain model subject to supply uncertainty after the supplier chooses the production input level. Decentralized systems under wholesale price contracts are investigated, with double marginalization effects shown to lead to supply insufficiencies, in the...