Foreign borrowing as a source of additional savings can be valuable to a nation whose supply of long-term investment funds is scarce, relative to the amount of its productive investment opportunities. Indonesia is an example of such a country. It has abundant investment opportunities, but...

A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is at the heart of any BOT or BOO type power generation project that is to be undertaken by an Independent Power Producer (IPP). During the past decade privately owned IPPs selling electricity to the power industry has become common place. Such arrangements...

The estimation of the demand for electricity is important in the appraisal of power projects because it often affects the benefits of the projects. For projects that involve a decision about the timing of investment- when to install new capacity to meet the demand- the precision of the...

An electric utility operating to satisfy the instantaneous demand for electricity by its customers has investment and daily operation decisions are dominated by two cost items, capacity cost and fuel cost. This is not surprising for an industry whose business is employing capital to convert raw...