This paper studies the estimation of a semi-strong GARCH(1,1) model when it does not have a stationary solution, where semi-strong means that we do not require the errors to be independent over time. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for a semi-strong GARCH(1,1) process to have a...

We propose estimators of previous termfeatures of the distributionnext term of an unobserved random variable W. What is observed is previous termanext term sample of Y,V,X where previous termanext term binary Y equals one when W exceeds previous termanext term threshold V determined by...

This article is concerned with evaluating Value-at-Risk estimates. It is well known that using only binary variables, such as whether or not there was an exception, sacrifices too much information. However, most of the specification tests (also called backtests) available in the literature, such...