This article draws on case studies in identity management by the UK government, and illustrates emergent changes in the relationship between government and the citizen as a result of e-government. The authors explain what is now possible in terms of citizen identification and recommend further...

This article draws on case studies in identity management by the UK government, and illustrates emergent changes in the relationship between government and the citizen as a result of e-government. The authors explain what is now possible in terms of citizen identification and recommend further...

Policy processes evolve in highly institutionalized environments, and policy effects are generally shaped by these environments. Policy outcomes could therefore be expected to be patterned and even predictable. In practice, however, prediction of policy outcomes is difficult. In part this lack...