The title of this paper may suggest a specific focus on the possibilities and problems of matching closed models and open systems; however, although the relationships between systems and the models that we seek to apply to them are indeed the primary topics, there is no assumption that all...

This paper reflects on the contributions of Adam Smith and Joseph Schumpeter on our understanding of economic development, routines and cognition. It distinguishes between two conceptions of economic analysis, one Cartesian in nature, the other following an developmental perspective that resists...