This paper demonstrates an apparent long-term constancy of economy-wide energy expenditures relative to income – an inter-decadally-constrained sustainable (“Bashmakov-Newbery”) range of 4.2±0.8% relative to Gross Output, and 7.2±1.5% relative to GDP. Initial evidence suggests the range...

This article presents a critical assessment of research over the last 40 years that may be brought under the umbrella of “energy efficiency,” spanning different aggregations and domains – from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects, the role of innovation, and...