In recent years, an optimistic view of international economic integration countering the pollution haven hypothesis has gained momentum. It argues that international integration can benefit developing countries' environments by fostering the adoption of voluntary environmental standards, such as...

Purpose: In recent years, an optimistic view of international economic integration countering the pollution haven hypothesis has gained momentum. It argues that international integration can benefit developing countries' environments by fostering the adoption of voluntary environmental...

Purpose – In recent years, “trade up” argument has gained momentum. It argues that international integration can benefit developing countries' environments by fostering the adoption of voluntary environmental standards, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001...