for e-cigarettes is motivated more by smokers' health concerns than by the desire to avoid smoking bans or higher prices …

cigarette smoking. We conclude that the unintended effects of ENDS taxation may considerably undercut or even outweigh any …

on pre-pregnancy smoking, prenatal smoking, and birth outcomes (birth weight, gestational length, and Apgar 5 score). We … adoption increases pre-pregnancy and prenatal smoking, implying that e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes are substitutes …, our results suggest that e-cigarettes reduce prenatal smoking, but have no observable benefit towards the goal of …

smoking. We conclude that the unintended effects of ENDS taxation may more than fully offset any public health gains …

for e-cigarettes is motivated more by smokers' health concerns than by the desire to avoid smoking bans or higher prices …

motivated more by smokers' health concerns than by price or smoking bans. The latent class model identifies three types of …