Purpose This paper aims at examining the co-movement dependent regime and causality relationships between conventional and Islamic returns for emerging, frontier and developed markets from November 2008 to August 2020. Design/methodology/approach First, the authors used the Markov-switching...

Purpose The objective of this paper is twofold. First, to study the safe-haven characteristic of the Islamic stock indexes and Ṣukūk during the crises time. Second, to evaluate this property in the last pandemic. This study employs the daily dataset from June 15, 2015, to June 15, 2020, for...