In many countries, distribution grid tariffs are being reformed to adapt to the new realities of an electricity system with distributed energy resources. In Europe, legislative proposals have been made to harmonize these reforms across country borders. Many stakeholders have argued that...

The EU network codes and guidelines are a detailed set of rules pushing for the harmonisation of national electricity markets and regulations. The areas for the development of network codes and guidelines were set out in the Third Energy Package. By the end of 2017, a total of eight network...

There is a trend in regulatory practice towards exceptional incentives for exceptional investments. Italy and the US have the longest experience with a regulatory framework for strategically important investments that deviates from the default framework. In these countries, the incentives...

Contents: Introduction -- Part I - How to trade and transport electricity across national borders? -- 1. Why did we start with electricity markets in Europe? -- 2. Who gets the rights to trade across borders? -- 3. How to calculate border trade constraints? -- 4. Who pays for the network when...