In all Central and East European Countries (CEEC) the first phase of transformation comprised the dissolution and fragmentation of the socialist S&T system through top-down and bottom-up processes, and was linked to S&T personnel being cutback to approximately 20 to 50% of the former peak level....

Under the ca. 15 years of doi moi (renovation) policy, Vietnam's development has been taking place in the two different but overlapping contexts of transformation and swift economic development. These contexts correspond to two different scenarios for the country's future: One scenario of...

In allen mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern (MOEL) bestand die erste Phase der Transformation in der Auflösung und Fragmentierung des sozialistischen Wissenschafts- und Technikssystems (WuT) durch top-down- und bottom-up-Prozesse. Diese Phase war verbunden mit der Reduzierung des Personals...