, virtual countries and ethnic groups, exhibit highly unequal regional agricultural endowments. Second, Muslim adherence is … systematically larger along the pre-Islamic trade routes in the Old World. The theory argues that this particular type of geography … economic performance. It suggests that the unequal distribution of land endowments conferred differential gains from trade …

This study explores the interaction between trade and geography in shaping the Islamic economic doctrine and in turn … presence of trade opportunities conferred differential gains from trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior from the … redistribution featuring direct income transfers in return for safe passage to conduct trade. A commitment problem, however, rendered …