Fraud alerts — initial fraud alerts, extended fraud alerts, and credit freezes — help protect consumers from the … document the frequency and persistence of fraud alerts and credit freezes. Using the experience of the data breach at the South … Carolina Department of Revenue, we show that consumers who file initial fraud alerts or credit freezes likely do so out of …

, we document that debtors manipulated data to avoid higher repayment. Consistent with deliberate fraud, data manipulators …