We test whether sunk exporting costs differ among markets. Our results confirm that during 1990-2002, sunk exporting costs were relevant for Spanish firms, and differed depending on the destination market. Besides, the costs to enter/re-enter were higher in developed markets.

<heading id="h1" level="1" implicit="yes" format="display">Abstract</heading> The aim of this paper is to examine the sensitivity of total factor productivity (TFP) to foreign competition in the case of a European country. Using the Olley and Pakes method, we calculate the TFP of Spanish manufacturing firms and study the impact of EU tariffs and the presence of...