Acquisitions of nascent competitors by digital gatekeepers are often not covered by EU (or sometimes national) merger laws because they fall below the thresholds that trigger a duty to notify, hence there is a merger gap. After outlining the competition concerns and the legislative activities...

Economic thinking and analysis lie at the heart of the objectives and the design of the EU Digital Markets Act. However, the design of the DMA reflects a very deliberate—and reasonable—intention to ensure clarity, speed, administrability, and enforceability. In doing so, this pro-competitive...

The European Union is increasing the number of laws which apply to the providers of digital services, in particular to digital platforms, and each of them are based on a specific oversight and enforcement framework. As many of those new laws overlap, it is key for the effectiveness of oversight...

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) entered into force on 1 November 2022 and its rules will apply from 2 May 2023. The Commission should designate, for the first time, the gatekeepers subjected to the rules by September 2023 at the latest, and those platforms should comply with prohibitions and...

The European Commission is charged with implementing the Digital Markets Act (DMA) which will impose a list of 22 do and don't to Big Tech platforms in March 2024. Based on economic and legal reasoning, this paper asks how the Commission can fulfil this challenging task effectively. The paper...