Italian real estate has become an increasingly popular investment class due to its relatively good returns and low risk compared to shares and bonds. In particular, real estate funds in Italy have shown enormous growth over the past few years, however, little is known about their performance....

The traditional measurement of active management is to calculate the tracking error of the fund; as measured by the standard deviation of the difference in a fund's returns versus its benchmark returns. However, tracking error alone is an inadequate measure of fund activity since even very...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the performance of UK property funds using the dual sources of active management, Active Share and tracking error, to distinguish between the types of active management styles used by funds. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use data...