In this paper, we seek to examine the importance of environmental factors in determining subsidiary roles. In particular, we examine the environmental factors associated with deep integration schemes. Such schemes require a convergence of economic structure due to the establishment of common...

We review the motives for internationalization to clarify previous classification. We build on behavioral economics and propose a classification of internationalization motives as the result of the interaction among two dimensions, an economics-driven exploitation or exploration of resources and...

This paper asks: what can governments of new member states do to encourage MNEs to invest in R&D? There are two types of MNE R&D. Innovation can be undertaken in order to adapt its existing products and services to local stimuli. This is 'demand-driven R&D'. Innovation can also be in stand-alone...

Applying extant IB theory, I argue that initial firm internationalisation is shaped by the interdependence and dynamic interaction between its O assets and the L assets of its home location. Regardless of nationality, the initial O assets of an infant MNE tend to be constrained by the L assets...