Jacks, David S.; Meissner, Christopher M.; Novy, Dennis - 2006
"We use a new measure of total trade costs at the bilateral country level to examine the change in international trade … integration between 1870 and 1913. Trade costs are lowest amongst the most developed countries and highest in the peripheral and … richest countries. Core-periphery dyads saw the fastest declines. We sort the determinants of trade costs into four main …