Nunn, Nathan; Puga, Diego - Instituto de Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Madrileño de … - 2007
effect on income. However, in Africa rugged terrain afforded protection to those being raided during the slave trades. Since … the slave trades retarded subsequent economic development, in Africa ruggedness has also had a historical indirect … for Africa the indirect positive effect is at least as large as the direct negative effect. Looking within Africa, we also …