) 49 countries for the period 2006- 2018. Openness is measured in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI …. First, enhancing trade openness has a net positive impact on CO2 emissions, while increasing FDI has a net negative impact …. Second, the relationship between CO2 emissions and trade is a Kuznets shape, while the nexus between CO2 emissions and FDI …

the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The following main findings are established. First, a trade openness (imports … + exports) threshold of between 80-120% of GDP is the maximum level required for trade openness to effectively modulate CO2 … required for trade openness to modulate CO2 intensity (kg per kg of oil-equivalent energy use) and induce a positive effect on …