Suppose we are interested in the effect of a binary treatment on an outcome where that relationship is confounded by an ordinal confounder. We assume that the true confounder is not observed but, rather, we observe a nondifferentially mismeasured version of it. We show that, under certain...

Abstract Suppose we are interested in the effect of variable X on variable Y . If X and Y both influence, or are associated with variables that influence, a common outcome, called a collider , then conditioning on the collider (or on a variable influenced by the collider – its “child”)...

Abstract Causal mediation analysis is complicated with multiple effect definitions that require different sets of assumptions for identification. This article provides a systematic explanation of such assumptions. We define five potential outcome types whose means are involved in various effect...