This paper proposes a model-free approach to analyze panel data with heterogeneous dynamic structures across observational units. We first compute the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations for each unit, and then estimate the parameters of interest based on their empirical...

This paper proposes nonparametric kernel-smoothing estimation for panel data to examine the degree of heterogeneity across cross-sectional units. We first estimate the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations for each unit and then apply kernel smoothing to compute their density...

This paper proposes the analysis of panel data whose dynamic structure is heterogeneous across individuals. Our aim is to estimate the cross-sectional distributions and/or some distributional features of the heterogeneous mean and autocovariances. We do not assume any specific model for the...