Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after … family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we … together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We …

participation of high school peers' mothers affects adult women's labor force participation, above and beyond the effect of their … own mothers. The analysis suggests that women who were exposed to a larger number of working mothers during adolescence …' mothers. Using detailed information on a sample of U.S. teenagers who are followed over time, we find that labor force …

Fertility in the United States rose from a low of 2.27 children for women born in 1908 to a peak of 3.21 children for … women born in 1932. It dropped to a new low of 1.74 children for women born in 1949, before stabilizing for subsequent …-twentieth century baby boom and generated a rise in women’s human capital, ultimately leading to a decline in desired fertility for …

Maternal mortality was the second-leading cause of death for women in childbearing years up until the mid-1930s in the … United States. For each death, twenty times as many mothers were estimated to suffer pregnancy-related conditions, often … leading to severe and prolonged disablement. Poor maternal health made it particularly hard for mothers to engage in market …

teenager's own mother, as well as that of her friends' mothers, affect her work decisions in adulthood. The first mechanism is … her friends' mothers' choices when she was a teenager, and the interaction between the two. The empirical salience of this … distant she is (in terms of working hours) from the friends' mothers. …