We examine how bank funding structure and securitization activities affect the currency denomination of business loans … to 57,464 firms by a Bulgarian bank. Our findings document that foreign currency lending is at least partially driven by … bank eagerness to match the currency structure of assets with that of liabilities. Our results also show that loan currency …

Is bank- versus market-based financing different in its attitudes towards Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG … bank monitoring and scrutiny. The Social and Governance components, in particular, matter. Furthermore, firms suffering … higher numbers of negative ESG reputation shocks are less likely to continue to rely on bank credit in response to lenders …

Standalone ratings measure a bank's intrinsic financial strength but – unlike all-in ratings – do not incorporate … potential sovereign or parent-bank support. On July 20, 2011, Fitch switched from a 9-point to a 21-point scale for their … public information about bank fundamentals. We find that shareholders rewarded (penalized) banks that received positive …