[eng] The paper examines the various cases which can exist in the vertical relation between an upstream enterprise, owner of a bottleneck facility, and a downstream enterprise, obliged to use this facility. It shows that (only) in the case in which the downstream firm is a partial owner to the...

The "parallel behavior is enough" standard cannot assist the courts in distinguishing horizontal agreements to restrain trade from normal competition. It would very likely impose significant costs on the economy by distorting competitive incentives and encouraging meritless litigation designed...

Broadband, or high-speed access to the Internet, has generated significant economic benefits. Certain regulations, however, are slowing investment and deterring entry into the broadband market. In this statement, we make two recommendations that would remedy these regulatory defects and thereby...