We investigate whether European banks use commission and fee income to smooth reported earnings or to persistently increase reported earnings as an income-increasing earnings management strategy. We find that European banks use commission and fee income to smooth reported earnings and this...

The paper presents a survey of central bank digital currency (CBDC) adoption in African countries. Secondary data based on desk research were used to conduct the survey. Data for each African country were collected from publicly available information about each country’s interest and efforts...

The 2023 banking crisis was the worst crisis in the US and Europe since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. This banking crisis was caused by aggressive interest rate hikes by the US Federal Reserve. The increase in interest rates led to huge losses on the portfolios of government bonds held...

The study investigates the impact of monetary policy on the level of financial inclusion in the big-five emerging market countries from 2004 to 2020. Several indicators of financial inclusion and the central bank interest rate were used in the analysis. It was found that the monetary policy rate...

This paper investigates the effect of country-wide protests on financial stability after controlling for inflation rate and the level of political stability. Country-wide protests may pressure a powerful government to listen and meet the demands of relatively less powerful groups, but...

Credit markets around the world are undergoing digital transformation which has led to the rise in Fintech and Bigtech lending. Fintech and Bigtech lending is the provision of credit by Fintech and Bigtech providers who have more capital, cutting-edge IT systems, worldwide recognition, greater...

Little attention has been paid to the role of gender equality in promoting financial stability and financial inclusion. This article examines the effect of gender equality on financial stability and financial inclusion for 14 developing countries using yearly data from 2005 to 2021. The findings...

The purpose of this study is to present a sustainable (or green) loan loss provisioning system that align bank loan loss provisioning with the sustainable development goals. The findings of the study are that the proposed sustainable (or green) loan loss provisioning system will align bank loan...

The objective of this article is to define the financial inclusion expectation gap, offer some insight into the nature and the causes of it, and suggest ways to reduce the gap. The discussion in the article provides helpful insights into this problem towards achieving the United Nations...

Financial institutions operating in a stable financial system seem to be willing to support the realization of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This view assumes that financial stability is crucial for sustainable development. We investigate the effect of financial stability on...