The purpose of this study is to investigate whether discretionary provisioning by Western European banks is driven by … income smoothing or credit risk considerations. We find evidence that discretionary provisioning by Western European banks is … driven by income smoothing incentives in the post-financial crisis period, particularly, among listed banks. Also, we observe …

and loan loss provisions are significant determinants of the return on assets of listed banks compared to non-listed banks …. Also, regulatory capital has a more significant (and positive) impact on the return on assets of listed banks than non …-listed banks particularly when listed banks have sufficient regulatory capital ratio. We also find that higher regulatory …

The emergence of central bank digital currency (CBDC) provides an opportunity for central banks to make an important … circular economy. Central banks can contribute to the transition to a circular economy in two ways: first, by making central … can be used to provide stimulus funding to support circular businesses during crises; and, a central bank digital currency …