In this paper, we investigate the role played by the organizational structure of bank holding companies in the earnings management of bank subsidiaries. Our results suggest that bank holding companies manage their subsidiaries to optimize the reporting outcome at the consolidated level. We find...

This paper examines the level and the main determinants of liquidity created by credit unions. The contribution of credit unions to the aggregate liquidity created by the financial system has increased over time from $206 billion in 2000 to $318 billion in 2008. We document a negative...