Developing Asia has undergone a dramatic shift over the past 5 decades from a region of mainly lowincome economies toward one that is largely middle income. Compared with world aggregate data, developing Asia now has a much greater proportion of middle-income economies. The region faces the...

We review the growth experience of middle-income countries. Economic factors associated with growth appear to differ between middle income and other countries. The efficiency of the financial system is importantly related to the growth rate in low- and middle-income countries, but appears to...

We introduce a new indicator of urbanization called the ”The Gross City Development Index (GCD-Index).” The GCD-Index calculation is based on the concept of city integral sustainable development platform. The platform consists of ten Main Structures, which are (i) Main Structure-1: Economic...

We review the growth experience of middle-income countries. Economic factors associated with growth appear to differ between middle income and other countries. The efficiency of the financial system is importantly related to the growth rate in low- and middle-income countries, but appears to...

We introduce a new indicator of urbanization called the "The Gross City Development Index (GCD-Index)." The GCD-Index calculation is based on the Concept of city integral sustainable development platform. The platform consists of ten Main Structures, which are (i) Main Structure-1: Economic and...

We review the growth experience of middle-income countries. Economic factors associated with growth appear to differ between middle income and other countries. The efficiency of the financial system is importantly related to the growth rate in low- and middle-income countries, but appears to...

Developing Asia has undergone a dramatic shift over the past 5 decades from a region of mainly lowincome economies toward one that is largely middle income. Compared with world aggregate data, developing Asia now has a much greater proportion of middle-income economies. The region faces the...

Using international data starting 1957, we construct a sample of cases where fast-growing economies slow down. The evidence suggests that rapidly growing economies slow down significantly, in the sense that the growth rate downshifts by at least 2 percentage points when their per capita incomes...

We apply the Gross City Development Index (GCD-Index) by Ruiz Estrada and Park (2019) in the case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The GCD-Index calculation is based on the concept of city integral sustainable development platform. The platform consists of ten main structures, which are (i) Main...

We apply the Gross City Development Index (GCD-Index) by Ruiz Estrada and Park (2019) in the case of Mexico City, Mexico. The GCD-Index calculation is based on the concept of City integral sustainable development platform. The platform consists of ten main structures, which are (i) Main...