Managers in organizations make investment decisions all the time. These decisions have an impact on the bottom-line profits and on the market penetration of the organization. Some decisions have more impact than others do and not all such decisions are evaluated for their impact. The...

The general practice in performance and production efficiency measurement has been to ignore additional products of most transformation processes that can be classified as âundesirable outputsâ â which are a subset of the output set. Without the inclusion of these factors, the efficiency...