other important features: observation period and estimation method. We start with a thorough survey of existing evidence for … both Western Europe and the USA, over a long period and from different empirical approaches. Then, our meta …-analysis attempts to disentangle the role of time changes and estimation methods. We highlight the key role of time changes, documenting …

-Saxon countries. For Eastern Europe, our results are less definite. Looking at the impact of the tax and benefit schemes in the EU, it …