cigarette smoking. We conclude that the unintended effects of ENDS taxation may considerably undercut or even outweigh any …

on pre-pregnancy smoking, prenatal smoking, and birth outcomes (birth weight, gestational length, and Apgar 5 score). We … adoption increases pre-pregnancy and prenatal smoking, implying that e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes are substitutes …, our results suggest that e-cigarettes reduce prenatal smoking, but have no observable benefit towards the goal of …