The paper aims is to define the possible efficient action of a public policy toward Electric Vehicles (EV) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) development. We will start our paper by a discussion on the market failures appealing for a public intervention in the EV and V2G activities. We then address three...

Using electric vehicles (EV) as TSO reserve providing units has been demonstrated as being both a feasible and a profitable solution. However, the surveys leading to these conclusions are always conducted either without considering the TSO market rules, or using the local TSO existing ones. We...

Distribution system operators (DSO) are starting to implement market-based mechanisms to use the flexibility offered by distributed energy resources (DER) such as electric vehicles (EV). Several European countries are trialing a range of real-life tests and market designs, and local flexibility...