the distribution of risk via credit supply. For identification, we exploit exhaustive US loan-level data since the 1990s …, borrowerlender relationships and Gertler-Karadi monetary policy shocks. Higher policy rates shift credit supply from banks to …, higher policy rates increase risk-taking, as less-regulated, fragile nonbanks -in all credit markets- expand supply to …

We analyze the determinants of real estate and credit bubbles using a unique borrower-lender matched dataset on … mortgage loans in Spain. The dataset contain real estate credit and price conditions (loan principal and spread, and the … contract) and the lender identity, over the last credit boom and bust. We find that lending standards are softer in the boom …