investment decisions, and the ongoing uncertainty of the economic environment in which these decisions are made. In so doing …

uncertainty over climate change and its impact, why there is so much uncertainty, and why we will continue to face uncertainty in … the near future. I also explain the policy implications of climate change uncertainty. First, the uncertainty … stronger actions to reduce CO2 emissions. Second, uncertainty interacts with two kinds of irreversibilities. First, CO2 remains …

there is uncertainty over future outcomes, when there are irreversibilities, and when policy adoption can be delayed. This … paper shows how two kinds of uncertainty over the future costs and benefits of reduced environmental degradation, and over …