geographic proximity is a key determinant of competition, and English public hospitals where political competition can be used to … construct instrumental variables for market structure. Since almost all major English hospitals are government run, closing … hospitals in areas where the governing party has a small majority is rare due to fear of electoral punishment. We find that …

between hospitals. Patients were given choice of location for hospital care and provided information on the quality and … approximately 68,000 discharges per year per hospital from 160 hospitals. We find that the effect of competition is to save lives … without raising costs. Patients discharged from hospitals located in markets where competition was more feasible were less …

geographic proximity is a key determinant of competition, and English public hospitals where political competition can be used to … construct instrumental variables for market structure. Since almost all major English hospitals are government run, closing … hospitals in areas where the governing party has a small majority is rare due to fear of electoral punishment. We find that …

between hospitals. Patients were given choice of location for hospital care and provided information on the quality and … approximately 68,000 discharges per year per hospital from 160 hospitals. We find that the effect of competition is to save lives … without raising costs. Patients discharged from hospitals located in markets where competition was more feasible were less …

government. Because closing hospitals in areas where the governing party is expecting a tight election race ("marginals") is rare … hospitals in a geographical area. We find that higher competition is positively correlated with management quality, measured … in the hospital's own catchment area, thus identifying purely off the marginality of rival hospitals. This controls for …

geographic proximity is a key determinant of competition, and English public hospitals where political competition can be used to … construct instrumental variables for market structure. Since almost all major English hospitals are government run, closing … hospitals in areas where the governing party has a small majority is rare due to fear of electoral punishment. We find that …