: uniform and predictable judgments that economize on litigation costs by facilitating out-of-court settlements. …

The tax office wins most cases in Japan. We think about why this might be. We find that although judges who rule in …

Conviction rates in Japan exceed 99 percent -- why? On the one hand, because Japanese prosecutors are badly …

, and scarcity elsewhere. The most talented would-be lawyers (those with the highest opportunity costs) pass the bar … high incomes. The less talented face lower opportunity costs, and willingly spend many years studying for the exam. If they …