In 1969, Japan launched a massive subsidy program for the "burakumin" outcastes. The subsidies attracted the mob, and … criminal careers. In the process, the subsidies gave new support to the tendency many Japanese already had to equate the …. With the subsidies gone and the mob in retreat, other Japanese found the formerly burakumin communities increasingly …

students from their ethnic group in a class or school. To do so, we assemble data on the ethnicity and performance of each …