The paper focuses on two estimation methods that have been widely used to address endogeneity in empirical research in health economics and health services research--two-stage predictor substitution (2SPS) and two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI). 2SPS is the rote extension (to nonlinear models)...

We investigate how the scale of estimation in risk-adjustment models for health-care costs affects the covariate effect, where the scale of interest for the covariate effect may be different from the scale of estimation. As an illustrative example, we use claims data to estimate the incremental...