The conflict in Northern Ireland was an example of "complex warfare" with both insurgency and sectarian violence. We … present a unified model that helps to identify these two forms of conflict from the spatial distribution of violence. The … model predicts that tectonic boundaries between residential areas of opposed groups drive sectarian violence. Violence …

Political violence is a worldwide problem that has been on the rise over the past decade. The international dimension … substitute visible forms of unrest (riots) for more covert operations on soft targets (civilian-targeted violence). This pattern … international scrutiny would help safeguard public demonstrations of dissent and reduce violence against civilians. …

quantitatively large and robust to a number of control variables, alternative measures of violence, and different statistical … ethnic violence depend on the ethnic fractionalization. Fighting has a negative effect on the economic situation in highly …