. Quantitative goals take three forms: exchange rates, money growth rates, and inflation targets. We analyze the effects on inflation … determinants of inflation (such as fiscal policy, the business cycle, and openness to international trade), and the endogeneity of … systematically and robustly associated with lower inflation. The exact form of the monetary target matters somewhat (especially for …

that fix exchange rates and those that target inflation. Inflation targeting is a more durable policy; no country has yet … been forced to abandon an inflation target, while many have abandoned fixed exchange rates. Indeed, even though inflation … targeting began only in 1990, the duration of inflation targeting regimes is at least as long as, or longer than all alternative …