We are pleased that Dunning et al. have provided macro (country) level data demonstrating the increased internationalization of many nations over the past decade. We also appreciate their findings lending support to our perspective on the regional nature of world business. Our work was based...

This paper assesses the continued relevance of Buckley and Casson's (1976) book on The Future of the Multinational Enterprise (MNE), against a background of increasing criticism of transaction-cost-related scholarly work. We demonstrate that the ‘schism’ that can currently be observed in the...

This paper analyzes the interactions between international environmental policy and multinational corporate strategy. The main contribution is building a new conceptual framework to analyze the type of corporate strategy developed in the presence of both national an international environmental...

This article analyses recent strategic changes in the European flexible packaging industry. It demonstrates that the different forces driving international industry competition can always be translated into requirements for stronger integration or stronger national responsiveness. The flexible...

We are grateful to Osegowitsch and Sammartino for their critical analysis of our work on the regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). In this response, we demonstrate that changing the quantitative thresholds for classifying MNEs as global vs non-global has no bearing...

The interaction between governments and multinational enterprises is analyzed using a new conceptual framework. This captures the key aspects of Richard Caves′ “normative” and “behavioral” approaches to the literature, but also develops a more contemporary “strategic” approach. Our...

This article assesses the extent to which the results of Bartlett and Ghoshal's [1989] work can be incorporated in what has now become one of the core explanations of multinational strategic management, i.e., the transaction cost-based theory of international production. We demonstrate that the...

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are the key drivers of globalization, as they foster increased economic interdependence among national markets. The ultimate test to assess whether these MNEs are global themselves is their actual penetration level of markets across the globe, especially in the...