While the literature on the incidence and wage effects of over-education is substantial, specific results for doctoral … holders in Europe (i.e. in EU Member States and the UK), but also by estimating their wage penalty relative to what they could …-education wage penalty in light of theoretical models. Depending on the specification adopted, we find that over-educated PhD holders …

While the literature on the incidence and wage effects of over-education is substantial, specific results for doctoral … holders in Europe (i.e. in EU Member States and the UK), but also by estimating their wage penalty relative to what they could …-education wage penalty in light of theoretical models. Depending on the specification adopted, we find that over-educated PhD holders …

institutions ; wage inequality ; rules ; collective bargaining …

, promotions and wage growth, sectoral affiliation and rent-sharing, and unobserved heterogeneity and dynamics …