Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) predicts that the income elasticity of consumption should be higher for households for which a large fraction of the variation of their income is permanent than for households facing more transitory variations in income. We test this prediction using...

We study the world trading equilibrium in a Ricardian model, where factors of production are produced and traded. Even in the absence of technology transfer, international investment, research and development, and aggregate scale effects, trade affects economic growth through comparative...