Developing countries general1y are not only concerned with the level of their export earnings but also with the commodity and geographic composition of exports, and, to a lesser extent, of imports. Concern over a high degree of commodity structure in exports is usually based on its presumed...

The essence of Papanek's comments are that the methodology of our study has biased our results and hence that our conclusions must be qualified. As pointed out by Papanek the issues raised in our paper are of crucial importance to policy and planning decisions in Pakistan and for this reason...

The import substitution effort will have to be intensified, pacticuiarly in capital goods and intermediate products, like base metals. chemicals, petroleum products and non-metallic minerals ... The scarcity price of foreign exchange should be appropriately reflected to the eCGn:my so that there...